Sternbild Perseus

Eigenschaften

Perseus liegt östlich von Andromeda und südöstlich von Cassiopeia. Das Band der Milchstraße verläuft durch dieses Sternbild und wird dort von einer großen Staubwolke verdunkelt. Perseus ist trotz seiner ruhmreichen Sage ein figürlich schwer verständliches Sternbild. Das auffälligste ist die kleine, längliche Sterngruppierung um Algenib herum. Südlich dessen liegt der helle, kurzperiodisch veränderliche Stern Algol, der deshalb auch Teufelsauge genannt wird und den abgeschlagenen Medusenkopf repräsentiert. Die Fläche des Sternbilds beträgt 615 Quadratgrad und das Zentrum kulminiert jeweils etwa am 7. November um Mitternacht. ^{[9, 15]}

Sterne mit Eigennamen:

α Per: Mirphak, Mirfak, Marfak, Algenib
β Per: Algol, Gorgona, Gorgonea Prima, Demon Star, El Ghoul
η Per: Miram
ξ Per: Menkib, Menkhib, Menchib
ο Per: Atik, Ati, Al Atik
π Per: Gorgonea Secunda
ρ Per: Gorgonea Tertia
ω Per: Gorgonea Quarta

Daten für das Sternbild Perseus ^[150]
IAU Name	Perseus
IAU Genitiv	Persei
IAU Kürzel	Per
Deutscher Name	Perseus
Saison (47° N)	August … März
Rektaszension	01^h 29^m 38^s … 04^h 51^m 22^s
Deklination	+30° 55' 19" … +59° 06' 17"
Fläche	615 deg²
Nachbarn (N↻)	Cas, And, Tri, Ari, Tau, Aur, Cam

Deep-Sky Objektbeschreibungen

Kleiner
Hantelnebel
Messier 76

h+χ Persei
NGC 869/884

NGC 1023

NGC 1245

NGC 1333

Kleiner Pacman
NGC 1491

Californianebel
NGC 1499

Ringhaufen
NGC 1513

Trifid
des Nordens
NGC 1579

NGC 1624

Mythologie und Geschichte

Akrisios war der König von Argos und hatte eine hübsche Tochter namens Danae. Das Orakel von Delphi prophezeite ihm, sein Enkelsohn werde ihn einst töten. Aus Furcht vor diesem Orakelspruch ließ Akrisios seine Tochter Danae in einen Turm einschließen, damit sie keinen Mann empfangen könne. Akrisios konnte natürlich nicht wissen, dass Zeus selbst sich der liebreizenden Danae nähern wollte. Zeus tat dies auch und nahm dazu die Form eines goldenen Regens an, der durch die Wände, Fugen, Ritzen und Fenster drang. Danae gebar einen Sohn, welcher "Der aus fließendem Gold entstandene" oder auch "Der Goldgeborene" genannt wurde - eben den Perseus. Akrisios blieb dies natürlich nicht lange verborgen und er ließ seine Tochter und sein Enkelkind in einen Kasten einnageln, der dann ins Meer geworfen wurde.

Danae und Perseus trieben lange Zeit auf dem Meer, bis sie schließlich an der Küste der steinigen Insel Seriphos strandeten und aus ihrem Gefängnis befreit wurden. Auf dieser Insel herrschte Polydektes, der bald jahrelang um die schöne Danae warb, jedoch vergebens. Entweder um Danae doch noch zur Ehe zu zwingen oder um Perseus aus dem Weg zu schaffen, schickte er den inzwischen zum Jüngling herangewachsenen Sohn der Danae aus, eine tödliche Aufgabe zu erledigen. Er solle das Haupt der Medusa zu holen.

Die Medusa war eine der Gorgonen, eine der drei Töchter des Phorkys, die mit Schlangenhaaren ausgestattet waren und einen versteinernden Blick werfen konnten. Zwei dieser Töchter waren unsterblich, die Medusa dagegen sterblich. Dieser Vater hatte aber auch noch drei weitere Töchter, die Graien, "die Uralten", die alle zusammen nur ein einziges Auge und einen einzigen Zahn besaßen, welche sie sich wechselweise leihen mussten, sofern Bedarf bestand.

Mit Hilfe der Flügelschuhe des Hermes, der Hadeskappe, welche undurchdringliche Nacht verbreitete und des Sichelschwertes des hinkenden Feuer- und Schmiedegottes Hephaistos, gelang es Perseus die Graien zu überwinden. Er nahm ihnen ihr einziges Auge weg, als einmal die zweite der drei Schwestern einmal etwas sehen wollte. So wurde der Weg frei und er drang, die Hadeskappe über den Kopf gezogen, bei den Gorgonen ein. Perseus achtete sorgsam darauf, die Medusa nicht direkt anzusehen, sondern nur ihr Spiegelbild in seinem blank poliertem Schild - sonst wär er sofort zu Stein erstarrt. Auf diese Weise gelang es ihm, die von Poseidon schwangere Medusa zu enthaupten. Aus dem toten Körper entsprang sodann das geflügelte Pferd Pegasos. Auch der schon ganz erwachsene Krieger Chrysaor mit einem goldenen Schwert in der Hand entstieg ihrem toten Körper. Perseus steckte das noch bluttriefende Gorgonenhaupt in den Zaubersack und entkam mit Hilfe der Hadeskappe, die tiefe Finsternis rundherum verbreitete.

Perseus kam auf seinem Weg zurück an der Küste Äthiopiens vorbei. Dort war die schöne Andromeda - die Tochter der Königin Kassiopeia und des Königs Kepheus - hilflos und fast nackt, nur mit ein paar Schmuckstücken bekleidet, an einen Felsen angekettet. Ihr näherte sich ein fürchterliches Meeresungeheuer mit der Absicht, sie zu verschlingen. Perseus verliebte sich sofort in die schöne Prinzessin. Er ergriff die Gunst der Gelegenheit und forderte von Andromedas Vater, König Kepheus von Äthiopien, die Hand seiner Tochter und ein eigenes Königreich für deren Rettung. Dieser willigte, bangend um das Leben seiner Tochter, ein. Daraufhin zog Perseus seine geflügelten Schuhe an und eilte durch die Lüfte in Richtung Meeresungeheuer. Sein ganzes Handeln war darauf abgestimmt, die Aufmerksamkeit dieses Mädchens auf sich zu lenken. Die Befreiung vollzog nur mit dem Schwert bewaffnet. ^[20] Verbreiteter ist jedoch die Variante, in der er den Kopf der Medusa aus dem Sack holte und das Meeresungeheuer zu einem Felsen im Meer versteinerte. ^[66]

Perseus eilte zu seiner Heimatsinsel Seriphos zurück und erschien vor Polydektes. Er schrie: "Hier ist Dein Geschenk!" und hielt das Haupt der Medusa hoch. Augenblicklich erstarrten der König und seine Gefolgsleute zu Stein. Perseus kehrte zu seiner Geliebten Andromeda zurück und heiratete sie. Beide lebten lange und glücklich und hatten viele Kinder. Einer ihrer Urenkel war Herkules. Als Perseus starb wurde ihm am Himmel ein Platz unter den Sternen gewährt: Sein Schwert hochgestreckt und in der anderen Hand den teuflischen Kopf der Medusa haltend, dass sie für alle Zeiten auf die Menschheit blicke. ^[66]

An die Erzählung erinnern manche Namen wie Perseus, Perseus et Caput Medusae, Victor Gorgonei monstri, Gorgonifer und Träger des Medusenkopfes. Auch dieses Sternbildung erlangte eine Umwandlung in biblisch orientierte Bilder wie David mit dem Kopf von Goliath und Apostel Paulus mit Schwert und Buch. ^[20]

Kataloge

Yale Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991) ^[154]
HR	B	F	DM	HD	SAO	FK5	IR	M*	ADS	VarID	RA	Dec	vMag	spType	dMag	Sep ["]	Remarks
HR 470			BD+53 363	10110	22493		I				01 40 13.1	+53 52 06	6.39	K5III
HR 496	φ		BD+49 444	10516	22554	57	I			Phi Per	01 43 39.6	+50 41 19	4.07	B2Vep			G:In neutral hydrogen region; Cas-Tau OB1.,P:Intrinsic polarization, probably due to circumstellar matter.,S:FeII, H in emission. Also classified B0nne, B1III-Vpe.,SB:126.696d. Primary, 16.8k/s, V0 -8.4k/s, msin3i 21.1, asini 29.2; secondary K 105.3k/s, sin3i 3.4,,SB:asini 184. Unresolved by speckle interferometry. Both components appear to be shell stars, B2Ve and B3Ve. Speculation,SB:that secondary is the helium core of a once more massive star whose mass was transferred to the primary.,VAR:Gamma Cas 4.03 - 4.11V, 19.5d. Amp. varies in per. 127d. Possible mass loss. Expanding circumstellar shell.
HR 526			BD+47 508	11031	37536				1438		01 49 15.7	+47 53 49	5.82	A3V	0.7	1.9	D:Component C 8.4v at 21", D 10.2v at 137".,SB:ADS 1438B.
HR 529			BD+51 416	11151	22678						01 50 57.1	+51 56 00	5.90	F5IV
HR 533		1	BD+54 396	11241	22690	2122				V436 Per	01 51 59.3	+55 08 51	5.52	B1.5V			G:In neutral hydrogen region; Cas-Tau OB1.,SB:15.6d, K 10k/s, V0 -9k/s.,VAR:E? 5.46 - 5.68y.
HR 536		2	BD+50 379	11291	22696	1052					01 52 09.4	+50 47 34	5.79	B9IIIpHgMn			SB:5.6270d, K 26.5k/s, V0 +11.4k/s, asini 2.05.
HR 538			BD+50 381	11335	22705						01 52 50.8	+51 28 29	6.26	A3V
HR 540			BD+54 408	11408	22716						01 53 48.5	+55 35 53	6.45	A5m
HR 568		3	BD+48 576	11949	37665						01 58 33.6	+49 12 15	5.69	K0IV
HR 590		4	BD+53 439	12303	22859	1054					02 02 18.1	+54 29 15	5.04	B8III
HR 618			BD+57 494	12953	22959					V472 Per	02 08 40.5	+58 25 25	5.67	A1Ia t			G:NGC 869; Per OB1.,S:Shell star.,VAR:Amp. 0.065V. Sp. var., H alpha profile var.
HR 621			BD+53 460	13137	22993	2146					02 10 07.8	+53 50 35	6.31	G8III
HR 627		5	BD+56 438	13267	23011				1685	Var?	02 11 29.0	+57 38 45	6.36	B5Ia	6.9	60.0	D:B, mag. diff 6.9v at 5.6".,G:Per OB1; h Per.
HR 641			BD+57 519	13476	23044						02 13 41.5	+58 33 40	6.44	A3Iab			G:Per OB1; h Per.
HR 654			BD+56 471	13854	23115			W		Var?	02 16 51.7	+57 03 19	6.48	B1Iab e	0.9	103.0	G:NGC 869 = h Per; Per OB1.
HR 661		8	BD+57 535	13982	23143	2157					02 17 59.9	+57 53 59	5.75	K3III
HR 662		7	BD+56 486	13994	23149				1753		02 18 04.5	+57 31 00	5.98	G7III	2.6	121.9	C:Heavily reddened.,G:May not be member of Per OB2.,N:Sometimes misidentified as Chi Per.
HR 685		9	BD+55 598	14489	23256	2159			1802	V474 Per	02 22 21.4	+55 50 44	5.17	A2Ia v	7.8	11.6	D:Fixed.,G:Per OB1.,RV:Var. in period over 200d.,S:Shell star.,VAR:Amp. 0.05V. Sp. and H alpha profile var.
HR 690			BD+54 535	14662	23283				1820	V440 Per	02 23 51.8	+55 21 52	6.28	F7Ib	8.1	10.0	VAR:CDelta, amp. 0.123V, 7.572d.
HR 696		10	BD+55 612	14818	23304					Var	02 25 16.0	+56 36 36	6.25	B2Ia e			G:Per OB1; in cluster Chi Per; NGC 884.,VAR:Amp. at 0.58 micrometers about 0.15m.
HR 716			BD+54 557	15253	23369				1878		02 29 25.0	+55 32 11	6.51	A2pShell v	1.3	2.8	D:Companion A3IV.,VAR:ADS 1878A, spectrum variable, shell star.
HR 785		11	BD+54 598	16727	23555	2188					02 43 02.8	+55 06 21	5.77	B7IIIpHg			SB:Double lines suspected.
HR 787			BD+52 616	16735	23556				2059		02 42 59.7	+53 31 34	5.84	K0II-III	9.0	12.4	D:Optical.
HR 788		12	BD+39 610	16739	55793	2187		S		896	02 42 14.9	+40 11 38	4.91	F9V	0.3	0.1	D:0.906y, a = 0.057".,DYN:0.046".,SB:331.0d, K 21.4k/s, V0 -21.5k/s, msin3i 0.744, asini 72.3. Speckle interferometer measurements combined with,SB:spectroscopic yield masses 1.28 and 1.05 solar. Speckle interferometric sep. 0.047", 1981.68.
HR 792			BD+47 683	16780	38274				2064		02 43 01.9	+48 15 56	6.48 R	G5II	5.0	72.8	D:AB fixed.,G:UMa stream.
HR 799	θ	13	BD+48 746	16895	38288	93	I		2081	902	02 44 12.0	+49 13 42	4.12	F8V	5.6	19.6	D:AB 4.13 F7V, 9.87 M1V, 2720y, a = 22.289". C probably optical.,DYN:0.095".
HR 800		14	BD+43 566	16901	38289	1077					02 44 05.2	+44 17 49	5.43	G0Ib-IICa1CH-1
HR 819			BD+35 553	17228	55868						02 46 58.3	+35 59 01	6.25	G8III			G:Probable Hyades group.
HR 820			BD+34 513	17240	55872				2117		02 47 03.5	+35 33 18	6.30 R	A9V	2.1	1.5	D:AB binary.
HR 825			BD+56 718	17378	23637			S		V480 Per	02 49 30.8	+57 05 03	6.25	A5Ia			G:Per OB1; vicinity of Perseus double cluster.,VAR:Amp. 0.038V.
HR 831			BD+36 566	17484	55910						02 49 27.1	+37 19 34	6.45	F6III-IV
HR 834	η	15	BD+55 714	17506	23655	99	I		2157		02 50 41.8	+55 53 44	3.76	K3-Ib-IIa e	4.7	28.3	C:Large infrared excess.,D:Component B, B9V, CPM, vsini 149k/s.,G:Red star Pleiades group.,N:Miram in Becvar; Allen says unnamed.,S:Ultraviolet FeII emission. Also classified K3Ib.
HR 840		16	BD+37 646	17584	55928	2194		W		956	02 50 35.1	+38 19 07	4.23	F2III	4.7	249.3	VAR:Delta Sct?
HR 842			BD+46 648	17656	38397	2197					02 51 41.7	+46 50 31	5.88	G8III
HR 843		17	BD+34 527	17709	55946	2198	I	A		963	02 51 30.8	+35 03 35	4.53	K5+III			S:Also classified K7III.
HR 846			BD+52 640	17743	23674				2185	971	02 52 52.0	+52 59 52	6.36	B8III	0.2	1.6	D:AB, 7.2, 9.2v sep. 0.2" possibly optical; AC binary.,DYN:0.006".
HR 849			BD+47 723	17818	38418				2192		02 53 21.2	+48 34 10	6.26	G5I	5.7	6.7
HR 854	τ	18	BD+52 641	17878	23685	103	I		2202	Tau Per	02 54 15.5	+52 45 45	3.95	G4III+A4V	8.6	51.7	D:A* 4.06 G4III+A4V, 4.150y, a = 0.050". Speckle interferometric sep. 0.080" 1981.67. Circumstellar material surrounding,D:the pair? Visual companions 10.7v at 51" possibly physical; 11.8v at 4" possibly optical.,SB:ADS 2202A, 1515.6d, K 19.0k/s, V0 +2.2k/s, asini 271. vsini of secondary 50k/s.,VAR:EA, 3.94 - 4.07V.
HR 855		20	BD+37 655	17904	55975				2200	977	02 53 42.6	+38 20 15	5.33	F4IV	0.6	0.2	D:AB 5.9 F4V, 6.5 F6V, 31.37y, a = 0.258". Nearly equal components, 3.7, 4.3 solar. Component C, 9.7v at 14", CPM?,DYN:0.013".,SB:ADS 2200A, 1269d, K 4.8k/s, V0 +2.4k/s, asini 73.0. Orbit questioned by Morbey and Griffin (1987, ApJ, 317,,SB:343). Resolved by speckle interferometry 1983.93, sep. 0.20"; 1983.94, sep. 0.18".,VAR:Delta Sct?
HR 864			BD+50 665	18153	23721						02 56 50.6	+51 15 39	6.22	K5III
HR 865			BD+46 658	18155	38455			W			02 56 33.4	+47 09 50	6.02	gK3	5.5	24.9	D:Component B, 15v, possibly spurious.
HR 873		21	BD+31 509	18296	56031	2205				LT Per	02 57 17.3	+31 56 03	5.11	B9pSi v			G:Member moving cluster in Perseus.,S:Underabundance of magnesium and oxygen.,SB:2.88d.,VAR:Alpha CV 5.03 - 5.14V, 2.88422d, same for RV and line-intensities. Also var. magnetic field and H-lines. Rotating,VAR:spotted star.
HR 876			BD+38 599	18339	56036		I				02 58 02.3	+38 36 54	6.04	gK3
HR 879	π	22	BD+39 681	18411	56047	2207					02 58 45.7	+39 39 46	4.70	A2Vn			N:Gorgonea Secunda.
HR 882		24	BD+34 550	18449	56052	1082	I				02 59 03.7	+35 10 59	4.93	K2III
HR 885			BD+46 669	18474	38493						02 59 49.9	+47 13 15	5.47	G5:III*			S:G5:III: CN-4 CH-1 Ca 1 H delta-1. Also classified G8III CH weak. Noted as having composite spectrum, but unresolved,S:by speckle interferometry 1981.69.
HR 886			BD+40 639	18482	38492		I			1004	02 59 39.9	+41 01 59	5.89	K2
HR 890			BD+51 665	18537	23763				2270 A		03 00 52.2	+52 21 06	5.28	B7V	1.4	11.9	D:CPM with HR 891.,G:Per OB3.
HR 891			BD+51 665	18538	23765				2270 B		03 00 53.4	+52 21 08	6.74	B9V	1.4	11.9	D:CPM with HR 890.,G:Per OB1?
HR 894			BD+37 675	18552	56067						03 00 11.8	+38 07 54	6.11	B8Vne			S:Shell star. Near IR spectroscopy indicates presence of cool companion.
HR 915	γ	23	BD+52 654	18925	23789	108	I		2324		03 04 47.8	+53 30 23	2.93	G8III+A2V	8.6	57.0	D:SKYLAB observations indicate cool star with hot companion. Components Aa, 14.65y, a = 0.159". Physical nature of B,,D:11m at 57", uncertain.,M:Close to error box of X-ray source 3U0305+53.,SB:5350d, K 12.7 or 21.9k/s, V0 +2.5k/s, msin3i 4.87, asini 648. vsini of secondary 50k/s. Resolved by speckle,SB:interferometry 1981.67, sep. 0.284", 1983.93, sep. 0.27".
HR 918			BD+56 767	18970	23791	2217	I				03 05 32.4	+56 42 21	4.76	G9.5III
HR 920			BD+55 738	18991	23793						03 05 39.9	+56 04 07	6.11	G9III
HR 921	ρ	25	BD+38 630	19058	56138	109	I			Rho Per	03 05 10.6	+38 50 25	3.39	M4II			G:Zeta Her group.,N:Gorgonea Tertia.,VAR:SRb 3.30 - 4.0V, about 50d with possibly slow var. in mean brightness in 1100d period.
HR 923			BD+40 664	19066	38559						03 05 20.8	+40 34 57	6.05	K0III
HR 930			BD+51 681	19268	23825						03 08 03.9	+52 12 48	6.31	B5V
HR 933			BD+46 692	19279	38587						03 07 47.4	+47 18 30	6.41	A3Vnn
HR 936	β	26	BD+40 673	19356	38592	111	I		2362	Bet Per	03 08 10.1	+40 57 20	2.12	B8V	8.3	81.9	C:Color excess E(B-V) = +0.03.,D:A* var. B8V, 1.858y, a = 0.011" or 1.862y, a = 0.104". Apparent apsidal period 28.4y or 32y. Resolved by speckle,D:interferometry: sep. 0.086", 2-3v fainter than primary. This may be Algol C. Four visual companions all optical:,D:B, 12.7v at 59"; C, 12.5 at 67"; D, 10.5 at 82"; BC sep. 15"; E, 12.5v at 11" from D.,M:One of the few known galactic radio sources in which the dominant star is normal. 21cm radio source.,N:ALGOL; Gorgona; Gorgonea Prima; Demon Star; El Ghoul.,S:B8V+G.,SB:Algol ABxC: 1.8613y, K 12.0k/s, V0 +3.7k/s, msin3i 3.91, asini 109. Spectra B8V, G5IV, Am. Mass Algol AB, 5.3,SB:Suns; C, 1.8 Suns. Circumstellar gas fills Roche lobe of hot component. ADS 19356A: 2.8673d, K 44.0k/s, V0 var.,,SB:asini 1.73. Resolved by speckle interferometry 1982.17, sep. 0.052", 1983.94, sep. 0.08".,VAR:ADS 2362A is the prototype Algol star, first discovered as variable by Montanari in 1669. The first period determined by,VAR:Goodricke in 1783, who also interpreted the variations as due to eclipses. The prototype star proves to be a more,VAR:a complicated system than most of the Algol-type stars, i.e., compact triple system with separation of the components,VAR:well under 0.1". The components usually designated Algol A, B, C, sometimes A, a, P. Two formerly additionally desig-,VAR:nated components D and E, inferred on the basis of an apparent 32 year apsidal motion, are now considered spurious.,VAR:The various Algol components must not be confused with the visual components ADS 2362 B-E, optical companions at much,VAR:greater distances from A. ADS 2362A, EA 2.12 - 3.40V, 2.86732442d, abrupt period changes. Orbital and rotation periods,VAR:synchronized. Rotational velocity 65k/s. Radio flares extending to about 1 A.U., not associated with X-ray activity.,VAR:Radio flare activity appears correlated with period discontinuities, attributed to "starquakes." Mass flow from K to B8,VAR:component at rate of 1.8x10E-08 solar masses/year. Possible circumstellar material associated with radio or H alpha,VAR:emission.
HR 937	ι		BD+49 857	19373	38597	112	I	W			03 09 04.0	+49 36 48	4.05	G0V	8.2	146.2	G:Mel 20 #44, but not cluster member; Per OB3.
HR 941	κ	27	BD+44 631	19476	38609		I		2368	1055	03 09 29.8	+44 51 26	3.80	K0III	8.4	27.7	D:Companion optical.,G:Hyades group.
HR 947	ω	28	BD+39 724	19656	56224		I	W			03 11 17.4	+39 36 42	4.63	K1III	6.1	177.4	N:Gorgonea Quarta.
HR 949			BD+47 779	19735	38638	2225	I	W			03 12 26.4	+47 43 33	6.33	K5III	3.9	202.1	G:Mel 20 #138; Per OB3.
HR 950			BD+41 631	19736	38635						03 12 09.6	+42 22 34	6.15	B4V			G:Member of the local association (Pleiades group).
HR 956			BD+47 782	19845	38652						03 13 24.0	+48 10 37	5.90	G9III			G:Mel 20 #175; Per OB3. Nonmember of Alpha Per cluster on basis of RV.,M:Space motion same as for Hyades cluster.
HR 964			BD+56 798	20041	23903				2424		03 15 48.0	+57 08 27	5.79	A0Ia	8.2	10.8	G:In reflection nebula; member assoc. Cam R1 at about 870 pc. Cam OB1.
HR 966			BD+41 638	20063	38674						03 14 56.7	+42 30 14	6.07 R	K2III			S:Strong CN.
HR 969			BD+50 729	20123	23914		I				03 16 12.2	+50 56 16	5.03	G6Ib-IIa			G:Mel 20 #308; Per OB3.,SB:5.543491d.
HR 973			BD+44 648	20162	38685		I				03 16 04.7	+45 20 45	6.16	M2III
HR 975			BD+32 591	20193	56293				2431		03 15 47.0	+32 51 23	6.31	F4V vw	6.5	44.1
HR 976			BD+34 610	20210	56296				2433	V423 Per	03 16 01.9	+34 41 19	6.25	A1m	7.2	29.3	SB:ADS 2433A, 5.5435d, K 62.7k/s, V0 +24.2k/s, asini 4.78.,VAR:Ell 6.16 - 6.28V, 5.543491d.
HR 978			BD+31 576	20277	56308						03 16 35.1	+32 11 01	6.06	G8IV
HR 979			BD+39 743	20283	38700				2443		03 17 11.4	+40 29 00	6.45	B9VpSi	0.9	3.8	D:Component B, 8.0 A7m. CPM.
HR 982		30	BD+43 674	20315	38704						03 17 47.4	+44 01 30	5.47	B8V			G:Per OB3; nonmember of Alpha Per cluster on basis of RV.
HR 986			BD+38 690	20346	56322	2230					03 17 45.8	+39 17 00	5.96	A2IV
HR 987		29	BD+49 899	20365	23944						03 18 37.8	+50 13 20	5.15	B3V			G:Per OB3.,SB:1.996933d.
HR 989		31	BD+49 902	20418	38714						03 19 07.6	+50 05 42	5.03	B5V			G:Per OB3.
HR 991			BD+33 619	20468	56340	2232	I				03 18 43.8	+34 13 22	4.82	K2IICN1			S:Also classified K2III CN2 Ba 0.3.
HR 1001			BD+48 893	20675	38753			W			03 21 52.6	+49 04 15	5.93	F6V	3.5	205.8	G:Hyades moving group; Per OB3; Mel 20 #497.
HR 1002		32	BD+42 750	20677	38750	2236				1107	03 21 26.5	+43 19 46	4.95	A3V
HR 1011			BD+48 899	20809	38768						03 23 13.2	+49 12 48	5.29	B5V			G:Mel 20 #557; Per OB3; nebulosity.,SB:Possibly long period.
HR 1017	α	33	BD+49 917	20902	38787	120	I	W		1125	03 24 19.4	+49 51 40	1.79	F5Ib	10.0	167.0	G:Mel 20 #605; Per OB3; nebulosity.,N:MIRPHAK; Mirfak; Marfak; Algenib.
HR 1019			BD+33 636	20995	56419				2514		03 24 29.7	+33 32 09	5.61 R	A0V	3.5	4.3	D:AB CPM.
HR 1020			BD+53 657	21004	24024						03 25 48.4	+53 55 18	6.51	A9III-IV
HR 1026			BD+40 736	21038	38809						03 25 09.4	+41 15 26	6.51	A0V
HR 1029			BD+48 913	21071	38817						03 25 57.4	+49 07 15	6.09	B7V			G:Mel 20 #675; Per OB3.
HR 1034			BD+48 920	21278	38849						03 28 03.1	+49 03 46	4.98	B5V			C:Color excess E(B-V) = +0.10.,G:Mel 20 #774; Per OB3.,S:Lyman alpha observed from COPERNICUS.,SB:21.659d, K 25.0, V0 -0.5, asini 7.34.
HR 1037			BD+49 944	21362	38862						03 28 52.4	+49 50 54	5.58	B6Vn			G:Mel 20 #810; Per OB3.
HR 1041			BD+33 656	21402	56475						03 28 20.8	+33 48 27	5.61 R	A2V
HR 1044		34	BD+49 945	21428	38872				2558		03 29 22.1	+49 30 32	4.67	B3V	2.1	0.8	D:550y.,G:Mel 20 #835; Per OB3.
HR 1047			BD+46 760	21455	38874				2560		03 29 26.2	+46 56 16	6.24	B7V	5.1	27.9	G:Mel 20 #861; Per OB3. Nonmember of Alpha Per cluster on basis of RV.
HR 1051			BD+47 844	21551	38893						03 30 37.0	+48 06 13	5.82	B8V			G:Mel 20 #904; Per OB3.,S:Shell star.
HR 1052	σ	35	BD+47 843	21552	38890	124	I			1167	03 30 34.5	+47 59 43	4.36	K3III			G:Mel 20 #900; Per OB3.
HR 1056			BD+48 938	21620	38906					1173	03 31 29.4	+49 12 35	6.29	A0Vn			G:Mel 20 #934; Per OB3.,VAR:EA, amp. 0.1V, 5.363d.
HR 1059			BD+48 942	21661	38912						03 31 49.1	+49 24 03	6.39	B9III			G:Mel 20 #954; Per OB3.
HR 1063			BD+47 847	21699	38917					V396 Per	03 32 08.6	+48 01 25	5.47	B8IIIpMn			G:Mel 20 #985; Per OB3.,S:Spectra show Mn. Helium weak. Si enhanced. Also classified B5Vp.,VAR:Alpha CV 5.45 - 5.53V, 2.4928d. First helium-weak star found to have periodic variations (1973).
HR 1069		36	BD+45 778	21770	38924	2249				1182	03 32 26.3	+46 03 25	5.31	F4III
HR 1072			BD+44 734	21803	38927					KP Per	03 32 39.1	+44 51 20	6.41	B2IV			G:Cas-Tau OB1.,VAR:Beta C 6.37 - 6.47V, 0.2101753d, multiple periods, 0.1982, 10.85, 0.01d.
HR 1074			BD+34 674	21856	56531	1098				Var?	03 32 40.0	+35 27 42	5.90	B1V			G:Per OB2.
HR 1078			BD+39 811	21912	56538	2254				IW Per	03 33 35.1	+39 53 58	5.81	A5m			SB:0.9171877d, K 99.3k/s, V0 +0.2k/s, asini 1.251.,VAR:Ell 5.80 - 5.85V, 0.9171877d.
HR 1087	ψ	37	BD+47 857	22192	38980		I			Psi Per	03 36 29.4	+48 11 34	4.23	B5Ve v			G:Mel 20 #1164; Per OB3; member of Pleiades group. Nonmember of Alpha Per cluster on basis of RV.,RV:Rotationally unstable shell star.,S:Shell star.,VAR:Amp. 0.04V, 0.5d. Hydrogen emission variable. Expanding circumstellar shell.
HR 1097			BD+42 795	22402	38999						03 38 00.2	+42 34 59	6.42	B8Vn
HR 1113			BD+37 811	22780	56628					1225	03 41 07.9	+37 34 48	5.57	B7Vne			G:Member of the local association (Pleiades group).,VAR:Gamma Cas?, 5.55 - 5.58V.
HR 1122	δ	39	BD+47 876	22928	39053	131		W		Del Per	03 42 55.5	+47 47 15	3.01	B5IIIe t	7.3	99.1	C:Color excess E(B-V) = +0.04.,G:Per OB3.,S:C1 neutral carbon continuum shows discontinuities in UV. Lyman alpha observed from COPERNICUS.,VAR:Alpha CV? 2.98 - 3.03V, about 1d. Strong variable emission at 1650A, CaII?
HR 1123		40	BD+33 698	22951	56646				2699		03 42 22.5	+33 57 54	4.97	B0.5V	5.0	20.0	C:Reddened star. Color excess E(B-V) = +0.24.,G:Per OB2.
HR 1127			BD+48 984	23049	39063		I		2712		03 44 06.4	+48 31 25	6.06	K4III	7.1	18.6	C:Nicolet has 6.60V, Mermilliod 6.39V: no indication of variability.
HR 1130			BD+45 804	23139	39071	2266					03 44 40.9	+46 05 59	6.11	A7IV
HR 1131	ο	38	BD+31 642	23180	56673				2726	Omi Per	03 44 19.1	+32 17 18	3.83	B1III	2.8	1.0	C:Reddened star. Color excess E(B-V) = +0.32.,D:Binary. Combined mag., colors. Rotational velocity B, 150:k/s. Unresolved by speckle interferometry 1982.16.,DYN:0.005".,G:Per OB2 (not a member). Embedded in reflection nebulosity. In cluster IC 348.,M:In interstellar ultraviolet radiation field.,N:Atik; Ati; Al Atik.,P:Intrinsic polarization, probably due to circumstellar matter.,SB:4.4192d, K 109.3k/s, V0 +19.8k/s, msin3i 5.26, asini 6.63. Rotational velocity of secondary, 84k/s, primary,SB:85k/s.,VAR:Ell 3.79 - 3.85V, 4.419171d, possibly half.
HR 1133			BD+36 742	23193	56675	2268					03 44 31.4	+36 27 36	5.59	A2m
HR 1135	ν	41	BD+42 815	23230	39078	134	I		2738	1261	03 45 11.6	+42 34 43	3.77	F5II	8.1	31.4
HR 1141			BD+45 811	23300	39085				2746		03 45 59.3	+45 40 55	5.66	B6V	8.4	6.5	D:CPM.,G:Member of the local association (Pleiades group).
HR 1160			BD+50 825	23552	24231				2769		03 48 18.3	+50 44 12	6.14	B8Vne	6.2	7.0	D:Probably optical.,S:Shell star.
HR 1163			BD+33 717	23625	56709				2772	1305	03 47 52.6	+33 36 00	6.57	B2.5V	4.0	3.2	D:Binary.,G:Per OB2.,SB:ADS 2772A, 1.9406d, K 82k/s, V0 +20k/s, msin3i 0.883, asini 2.19.,VAR:B-A varies from 2.8 to 4.3V. Uncertain which component varies.
HR 1164			BD+31 650	23626	56707						03 47 48.9	+32 11 42	6.25	G0
HR 1170			BD+43 818	23728	39128					V376 Per	03 49 08.2	+43 57 47	6.02	A9IV			VAR:Delta Sct 5.8 - 5.91V, variable amp. Primary and beat periods, 0.098299 and 0.39206d.
HR 1176			BD+44 801	23838	39134					Var?	03 50 04.5	+44 58 04	5.66	G2III+F2:V			SB:vsini of secondary 85k/s. Unresolved by speckle interferometry 1983.93.,VAR:A variable comparison star was used when HR 1176 was suspected of variablility.
HR 1177		42	BD+32 667	23848	56727					V467 Per	03 49 32.6	+33 05 29	5.11	A3V			G:Per OB2.,SB:1.7653d, K 34.4k/s, V0 -11.9k/s, asini 0.832.,VAR:A published period, 22.58d, does not satisfy available SB observations, whereas the SB period does satisfy the,VAR:photometric equally well. However, more observations are badly needed.
HR 1191			BD+33 728	24131	56761			W			03 51 53.7	+34 21 33	5.77	B1V	7.5	15.1	G:Per OB2.
HR 1197			BD+30 582	24167	56762						03 52 04.3	+31 10 06	6.25	A5V			G:Per OB2.
HR 1198			BD+48 1015	24240	39175						03 53 38.7	+48 39 02	5.76	K0III
HR 1203	ζ	44	BD+31 666	24398	56799	144	I		2843	1397	03 54 07.9	+31 53 01	2.85	B1Ib	6.5	12.9	C:Reddened star. Color excess E(B-V) = +0.33.,D:AB CPM, B 9.16V B8IV; C, 9.12V at 33" optical; D, 10.35V, +0.713(B-V), +0.20(U-B), at 92" optical; E, 9.90V, A2V,,D:+0.33(B-V), +0.17(U-B), at 120" physical.,DYN:0.012".,G:IC 348; Per OB2.,RV:Comp. B +20.8k/s.,S:Interstellar CH detected optically. COPERNICUS data used to analyze the chemical abundances in line of sight to,S:Zeta Per: CO, HD, and OH. About 60% of the hydrogen in front of the star is molecular.,SB:1.765d, K 6.0k/s, V0 +22.2k/s.,VAR:2.80 - 2.93V.
HR 1207			BD+47 912	24504	39195	2279					03 55 58.2	+47 52 17	5.37	B6V			G:Per OB3.
HR 1209			BD+30 591	24534	56815		I		2859	X Per	03 55 23.0	+31 02 45	6.10	O9.5ep v	5.8	22.5	C:Heavily reddened.,D:CPM? Component A possibly optical counterpart or companion of X-ray source 4U0352+30. Possibly a triple system with a,D:neutron star moving around the optical primary in 22.4 hrs., and either apsidal period 581d or close double moving,D:around a distant component in 581d. Rotational velocity of primary, vsini 306k/s. Component ADS 2859B is normal M1III,,D:not T Tau type as once assumed.,G:May not be member of Per OB2; Zeta Per group.,M:Space velocities of X Per and Xi Per indicate the two stars approached to within 17 pc 2 million yrs ago.,P:Conflicting evidence whether observed polarization is intrinsic to the star or of interstellar origin.,S:Sp. data suggest occasional interruption of almost steady infall of material through rotating emission region by,S:outbursts of material from the star.,SB:580.7d, K 59k/s, V0 -50k/s, asini 471. Emission lines var. in RV, 22.4 hrs. and 581d.,VAR:ADS 2859A, Gamma Cas 6.07 - 7.0V, 580.7?d. Amp. about 0.02U. X-ray period 22.4 hrs. Spectrum variable. Sudden,VAR:decrease in H alpha emission followed by 450 sec. flare in continuum. Possible neutron star companion pulsating in,VAR:13.924 min. Simultaneous X-ray and optical obs. 21 Jan. 1975 showed X-ray var. by factor 2 but no corresponding optical,VAR:100 sec. quasi periodic photometric var. may indicate binary with compact companion undergoing mass accretion.
HR 1210		43	BD+50 860	24546	24314		I	W			03 56 36.5	+50 41 43	5.28	F5IV	4.8	75.3	C:IR source in this direction corresponds to a Seyfert galaxy.,D:AB CPM. Component C, 11.4v at 101" optical. P, 12.5v at 279".,G:Hyades moving group.,SB:30.4380d, K 51.9k/s, V0 +25.1k/s, msin3i 0.910, asini 16.9; alternate orbit 30.4391d, K50.6k/s,,SB:msin3i 0.82, asini 15.53; vsini both components <17k/s.
HR 1215			BD+34 768	24640	56824					1418	03 56 28.7	+35 04 52	5.49	B1.5V			G:Per OB2.,VAR:Beta C?, 5.45 - 5.50V. RV possibly var. 0.13169d.
HR 1220	ε	45	BD+39 895	24760	56840	147			2888	Eps Per	03 57 51.2	+40 00 37	2.89	B0.5V+A2V	5.1	8.8	C:Color excess E(B-V) = +0.10.,D:AB CPM. B, 7.39V, -0.03(B-V), -0.52(U-B), B9.5V, vsini 300:k/s.,G:Cas-Tau OB1; member of Pleiades group.,VAR:Beta C, 2.88 - 3.00V, 0.216:d. Brightest component on visual triple. Photoelectric and spectroscopic resonant periods,VAR:found are submultiples of 26.9 hrs or 1.12d.
HR 1223			BD+34 773	24809	56847					V386 Per	03 58 03.1	+34 48 52	6.53	A8V			G:Per OB2.,SB:vsini both components 80k/s.,VAR:Delta Sct 6.50 - 6.58V, 0.052d.
HR 1226			BD+38 827	24843	56849						03 58 29.1	+38 50 25	6.30	gK1
HR 1228	ξ	46	BD+35 775	24912	56856	148	I			Xi Per	03 58 57.9	+35 47 28	4.04	O7.5III(n)((f)) e			C:Color excess E(B-V) = +0.32.,G:Runaway star from Per OB2. Within 1d and exciting star of HII region S220. Ionizes region at edge of California nebula =,G:NGC 1499.,N:Menkib; Menkhib; Menchib.,S:Interstellar CO emission. Central Balmer emission in blue-violet only.,SB:6.951d.,VAR:Slightly variable, possibly same period as SB.
HR 1229			BD+38 829	24982	56866				2910		03 59 40.0	+38 49 14	6.38 R	A1Vp:	2.7	1.5
HR 1234			BD+36 805	25152	56899						04 01 14.7	+36 59 24	6.41	A0V			RV:Determinations of vsini range from 50 to 250k/s.
HR 1261	λ	47	BD+49 1101	25642	24412	1113					04 06 35.0	+50 21 05	4.29	A0IVn
HR 1273		48	BD+47 939	25940	39336	152	I			MX Per	04 08 39.7	+47 42 45	4.04	B3Ve			G:Per OB3; member of Pleiades group.,RV:Pole on.,S:Excess IR emission.,SB:16.934615d not confirmed.,VAR:Gamma Cas 4.00 - 4.10V, 55?d. Slow var. possibly associated with emission spectrum.
HR 1277		49	BD+37 881	25975	57000						04 08 15.3	+37 43 40	6.09	K1III
HR 1278		50	BD+37 882	25998	57006	2297					04 08 36.6	+38 02 23	5.51	F7V			D:CPM with GC 4949 at 12' = ADS 2995, a triple system 7.3 dK2, 9.0 sep. 1"; C at 234".,G:Hyades group.
HR 1286			BD+33 807	26311	57047	2300	I				04 10 59.0	+33 35 12	5.72	K1II-III
HR 1301			BD+37 897	26605	57081						04 13 59.6	+37 58 01	6.45 R	G9III
HR 1303	μ	51	BD+48 1063	26630	39404	1117	I		3071	1518	04 14 53.9	+48 24 34	4.14	G0Ib	6.0	83.8	D:A* 4.13 G0Ib, 0.778y, a = 0.019". AB CPM; B, 11.8v at 15". C , 10.25V, +0.47(B-V), +0.06(U-B), B8.,SB:283.272d, K 20.7k/s, V0 +7.7k/s, asini 80.5. Unresolved by speckle interferometry.,VAR:ADS 3071A, 4.1 - 4.24V.
HR 1306		52	BD+40 912	26673	39409	2306	I				04 14 53.3	+40 29 01	4.71	G5Ib+A2V			SB:1576.44d, K 18.1k/s, V0 -4.5k/s, asini 358. Unresolved by speckle interferometry 1983.93. vsini of secondary,SB:100k/s.
HR 1324			BD+49 1150	26961	24531					b Per	04 18 14.6	+50 17 44	4.61	A2V			G:In NGC 1545 #1; Hyades group.,M:Source of weak radio emission.,SB:Comp. ABC: 701.76d, K 11.4k/s, V0 +21k/s, asini 107. Comp. A: 1.527365d, K 39.4k/s, V0 var., asini 0.827.,SB:Unresolved by speckle interferometry.,VAR:Ell 4.59 - 4.65V, 1.527365d. Radio binary showing radio flare activity. Third component may eclipse primary.
HR 1328			BD+41 844	27026	39447						04 18 08.2	+42 08 28	6.22	B9V
HR 1330			BD+49 1155	27084	39457						04 19 13.3	+50 02 56	5.45	A7V			G:NGC 1545 #1.
HR 1333			BD+50 973	27192	24544	2316				1550	04 20 11.5	+50 55 15	5.55	B1.5IV			G:Cas-Tau OB1.,SB:1.527365d, K 38.83k/s, V0 +20.66k/s, asini 0.815.,VAR:Amp. 0.020V.
HR 1337			BD+41 852	27278	39468						04 20 14.4	+41 48 29	5.92	K0III
HR 1343		54	BD+34 860	27348	57171	158	I	W			04 20 24.6	+34 34 00	4.93	G8III	7.9	110.0
HR 1344			BD+31 757	27349	57166		I				04 20 10.0	+31 57 12	6.16	K5
HR 1350		53	BD+46 872	27396	39483	2319				V469 Per	04 21 33.2	+46 29 56	4.85	B4IV			G:Member of Pleiades group.,SB:Same period as VAR.,VAR:Amp. 0.01V, 7.29?hrs.
HR 1371			BD+42 946	27650	39501				3172		04 23 35.9	+42 25 41	6.23	A1pSi	0.5	0.4
HR 1377		55	BD+33 853	27777	57212						04 24 29.2	+34 07 50	5.73	B8V
HR 1379		56	BD+33 854	27786	57216				3188	1592	04 24 37.4	+33 57 35	5.76	F4V	3.6	4.9	DYN:0.042".,VAR:ADS 3188B, 9.6 - 11.3v.
HR 1390			BD+31 776	27971	57229	2325					04 26 06.3	+31 26 20	5.28	K1III
HR 1419			BD+32 806	28459	57269			W			04 30 38.3	+32 27 29	6.21	B9.5Vn			D:Suspected of being double; probably single.
HR 1424			BD+39 1013	28503	57278				3273 A		04 31 24.0	+40 00 37	6.26	B8V	0.5	9.3	D:CPM.
HR 1434		57	BD+42 990	28704	39604	1124		W			04 33 24.9	+43 03 50	6.09	F0V	0.7	116.2
HR 1454		58	BD+40 1000	29094	39639	2338	I	A			04 36 41.4	+41 15 53	4.25	K4III+A3V		0.1	D:A* 4.27 G8II+B, 28.67y, a = 0.054"(not confirmed).,S:Also classified K0II-III + B9V.,SB:10,470d, K 12.8k/s, V0 +5.9k/s, asini 1400. One of the longest SB periods known, 28.67y. Masses 6 and 5 solar.,SB:Unresolved by speckle interferometry. vsini of both components =<50k/s.
HR 1482			BD+48 1128	29526	39688	2347					04 41 24.1	+48 18 03	5.67	A0V
HR 1489			BD+37 954	29645	57377	2348					04 41 50.3	+38 16 49	5.99	G0V
HR 1493			BD+49 1230	29721	39702	1128		W			04 43 21.6	+49 58 26	5.87	B9III	7.3	20.8
HR 1494		59	BD+43 1043	29722	39699	2349					04 42 54.3	+43 21 54	5.29	A1Vn
HR 1500			BD+40 1032	29866	39715						04 44 12.9	+40 47 13	6.08	B8IVne			S:Shell star.
HR 1514			BD+40 1045	30138	39746						04 46 44.4	+40 18 46	5.97	G9III
HR 1533			BD+37 969	30504	57447	1133	I				04 49 54.6	+37 29 18	4.88	K3.5IIIBa0.2:			N:Formerly 1 Aur, now in Perseus.

Revised+Historic NGC/IC, Version 22/9, © Dr. Wolfgang Steinicke ^[277]
Planetarische Nebel
Name	RA	Dec	Typ	bMag	vMag	Dim	Dreyer Beschreibung	Identifikation, Anmerkungen
NGC 650	01 42 18.1	+51 34 17	PN	12.2	10.1	3.12	vB, p of D neb	M 76, PK 130-10.1, CS=17.0, Little Dumbbell (SW)
IC 351	03 47 33.0	+35 02 50	PN	12.4	11.9	0.3	Planetary = * 10m, * 9m p 14s, 2' s	PK 159-15.1, CS=15.0
IC 2003	03 56 22.0	+33 52 32	PN	12.6	11.4	0.33	pB, eS, lE ns, * 13 n 4", * 12 sp 18"	PK 161-14.1, CS=15.3
Galaktische Nebel
Name	RA	Dec	Typ	bMag	vMag	Dim	Dreyer Beschreibung	Identifikation, Anmerkungen
NGC 1333	03 29 18.0	+31 25 00	RN			6 × 3	F, L, * 10 nf (Auw No 17)	LBN 741
NGC 1491	04 03 13.5	+51 18 58	EN			25 × 25	vB, S, iF, bM, r, * inv	LBN 704, in Sh2-206
NGC 1499	04 01 10.0	+36 27 36	EN	5.0		120 × 60	vF, vL, E ns, dif	LBN 756, California nebula
NGC 1579	04 30 14.2	+35 16 47	RN			12 × 8	pB, vL, iR, mbM, * 8 350°, 2'	LBN 766, Sh2-222
IC 2067	04 30 52.0	+35 26 42	EN				vF, R, * 15 inv n, * 17 close np	SS 20
Offene Sternhaufen
Name	RA	Dec	Typ	bMag	vMag	Dim	Dreyer Beschreibung	Identifikation, Anmerkungen
NGC 744	01 58 33.0	+55 28 24	IV2p		7.9	5	Cl, pL, pRi, iF, st 11…13	OCL 345
NGC 869	02 19 04.0	+57 08 06	I3r		5.3	18	! Cl, vvL, vRi, st 7…14	OCL 350, Chi Per, Double cluster
NGC 884	02 22 05.0	+57 07 48	I3r		6.1	18	! Cl, vL, vRi, ruby * M	OCL 353, Chi Per, Double cluster
NGC 957	02 33 21.0	+57 33 36	III2p		7.6	10	Cl, pL, pRi, st 13…15	OCL 362
NGC 1039	02 42 05.0	+42 45 42	II3m		5.2	25	Cl, B, vL, lC, sc st 9	M 34, OCL 382
NGC 1193	03 05 55.0	+44 23 00	II3m		12.6	3	F, cL, er	OCL 390
NGC 1220	03 11 40.6	+53 20 53	II2p		11.8	2	Cl, vS, st vF	OCL 380
NGC 1245	03 14 41.4	+47 14 19	III1r		8.4	10	Cl, pL, Ri, C, iR, st 12…15	OCL 389
NGC 1342	03 31 38.0	+37 22 36	III3p		6.7	17	Cl, vL, ab 60 st	OCL 401
NGC 1348	03 34 06.0	+51 25 12	II2p			6	Cl, lRi, st L	OCL 391
NGC 1444	03 49 25.0	+52 39 18	IV1p		6.6	4	Cl of ab 30 st 12…14	OCL 394
NGC 1496	04 04 31.8	+52 39 41	II1p		9.6	3	Cl, segment of a ring	OCL 396
NGC 1513	04 09 57.0	+49 30 54	II1m		8.4	12	Cl, L, vRi, pC, st vL	OCL 398
NGC 1528	04 15 19.0	+51 12 42	II2m		6.4	18	Cl, B, vRi, cC	OCL 397
NGC 1545	04 20 56.2	+50 15 19	II2p		6.2	12	Cl, pRi, lC, st L	OCL 399
NGC 1582	04 31 39.0	+43 44 36	IV2p		7.0	24	Cl, vL, pRi, lC, st L	OCL 407
NGC 1605	04 34 52.2	+45 16 17	III1m		10.7	5	Cl, vF, pS, C, st eS	OCL 406
NGC 1624	04 40 36.4	+50 27 42	I2pn		11.8	3	F, cL, iF, 6 or 7 st + neb	OCL 403, LBN 722, Ced 37, S 212
IC 348	03 44 34.1	+32 09 47	IV2pn		7.3	10	pB, vL, vgbM	IC 1985, OCL 409, LBN 758, CED 20
Galaxien
Name	RA	Dec	Typ	bMag	vMag	Dim	Dreyer Beschreibung	Identifikation, Anmerkungen
NGC 832	03 11 05.4	+35 23 11	E2	13.9	12.9	1.6 × 1.3	F, vS, * 9·10 sp	NGC 1226, UGC 2575, MCG 6-8-1, CGCG 525-2, CGCG 524-61
NGC 1001	02 39 12.6	+41 40 18	Sbc	15.6	14.8	0.7 × 0.3	vF, vS	MCG 7-6-50, CGCG 539-69
NGC 1003	02 39 16.6	+40 52 22	Sc	12.0	11.5	4.3 × 1.3	pF, L, E 90° ±, mbM, r	UGC 2137, MCG 7-6-51, CGCG 539-70, IRAS 02360+4039
NGC 1005	02 39 27.6	+41 29 36	E-S0	14.8	13.8	1 × 0.8	vF, vS	MCG 7-6-52, CGCG 539-71
NGC 1023	02 40 24.1	+39 03 48	E/SB0	10.4	9.4	7.4 × 2.5	vB, vL, vmE, vvmbM	UGC 2154, MCG 6-6-73, CGCG 523-83, Arp 135
NGC 1023 A	02 40 36.9	+39 03 37	IBm	14.3	13.6	1.3 × 0.7	vB, vL, vmE, vvmbM	Arp 135
NGC 1040 1	02 43 12.5	+41 30 01	S0	13.9	12.9	1.7 × 0.8	F, S, bM	NGC 1053-1, UGC 2187, MCG 7-6-60, CGCG 539-83
NGC 1040 2	02 43 12.1	+41 30 54	S0	16.3	15.3	0.4 × 0.2	F, S, bM	NGC 1053-2, NPM1G +41.0081
NGC 1050	02 42 35.6	+34 45 51	SBa	13.5	12.6	1.7 × 1.1	F, S, * 18 inv n	UGC 2178, MCG 6-6-78, CGCG 523-92, IRAS 02395+3433, KUG 0239+345, KARA 116, CGCG 524-1
NGC 1058	02 43 29.9	+37 20 29	Sc	11.8	11.2	2.5 × 2.5	pF, cL, R, glbM	UGC 2193, MCG 6-7-1, CGCG 524-5, IRAS 02403+3707, CGCG 523-96, KUG 0240+371
NGC 1077 A	02 46 00.6	+40 05 24	Sb	14.4	13.6	1.1 × 0.8	vF, pL, E	UGC 2230, MCG 7-6-69, CGCG 539-95, IRAS 02428+3952
NGC 1077 B	02 46 02.9	+40 05 36	SBb	17.1	16.3	0.5 × 0.4	vF, pL, E	MCG 7-6-68, CGCG 539-95
NGC 1086	02 47 56.2	+41 14 48	Sc	13.5	12.8	1.5 × 1	vF, pS, D * nr	UGC 2258, MCG 7-6-71, CGCG 539-101, IRAS 02447+4102
NGC 1106	02 50 40.5	+41 40 20	S0	13.3	12.3	1.3 × 1	vF, vS, vF * att s	UGC 2322, MCG 7-6-76, CGCG 539-112, IRAS 02474+4127
NGC 1123	02 52 51.2	+42 12 19	SBb	12.9	12.1	1.8 × 1.3	cF, S, iR, vgbM, r	NGC 1122, UGC 2353, MCG 7-6-83, CGCG 539-117, IRAS 02496+4200
NGC 1129	02 54 27.3	+41 34 47	E3	13.5	12.4	2.9 × 2.1	cF, pS, iR, vglbM, D or F * sp	UGC 2373, MCG 7-7-4, CGCG 539-124, VV 85, CGCG 540-6
NGC 1130	02 54 24.5	+41 36 22	C	16.1	15.1	0.5 × 0.3	eF, eS	MCG 7-7-2, CGCG 539-122, CGCG 540-4
NGC 1131	02 54 34.0	+41 33 33	E0	15.6	14.6	0.4 × 0.4	eF, eS	MCG 7-7-5, CGCG 539-125, CGCG 540-7, 5ZW 286
NGC 1138	02 56 36.3	+43 02 50	SB0	13.8	12.8	1.1 × 1.1	vF, vS, R, gbM, 2 S st Δ	UGC 2408, MCG 7-7-12, CGCG 540-15
NGC 1159	03 00 46.4	+43 09 46	S0	14.5	13.5	0.5 × 0.4	vF, S, R, vlbM	UGC 2467, CGCG 540-23, IRAS 02575+4257
NGC 1160	03 01 13.2	+44 57 20	Scd	13.5	12.8	1.5 × 0.7	F, E	UGC 2475, MCG 7-7-14, CGCG 540-27, KCPG 86A, IRAS 02579+4445
NGC 1161	03 01 14.1	+44 53 51	S0	12.1	11.0	2.8 × 2	F, pS, lE, sbM	UGC 2474, MCG 7-7-15, CGCG 540-26, KCPG 86B, IRAS 02579+4442
NGC 1164	03 01 59.8	+42 35 08	SBab	13.9	13.1	1.3 × 1.1	eF, vS	UGC 2490, MCG 7-7-16, MK 1067, IRAS 02587+4223, CGCG 540-28, NPM1G +42.0105
NGC 1167	03 01 42.3	+35 12 21	S0	13.4	12.4	3.3 × 2.3	vF, pL, R, spmbM	UGC 2487, MCG 6-7-33, CGCG 524-45
NGC 1169	03 03 34.8	+46 23 11	SBb	12.2	11.3	4 × 2.6	pF, pS, iF, sbM	UGC 2503, MCG 8-6-25, CGCG 554-20
NGC 1171	03 03 58.9	+43 23 52	Sc	13.0	12.3	1.9 × 1	vF, pL, iF	UGC 2510, MCG 7-7-18, CGCG 540-31, IRAS 03006+4312
NGC 1175	03 04 32.3	+42 20 25	S0-a	13.9	12.9	1.9 × 0.7	F, cL, E	UGC 2515, MCG 7-7-19, CGCG 540-32
NGC 1177	03 04 37.2	+42 21 46	S	15.4	14.6	0.4 × 0.4	vF, S, R, nf II 607	IC 281, MCG 7-7-20, CGCG 540-33
NGC 1186	03 05 30.9	+42 50 08	SBbc	12.2	11.4	3.2 × 1.2	F * with neb appendages	NGC 1174, UGC 2521, MCG 7-7-21, CGCG 540-34, IRAS 03022+4238
NGC 1198	03 06 13.3	+41 50 56	E-S0	13.5	12.5	1.4 × 0.8	Neb * 11	IC 282, UGC 2533, MCG 7-7-24, CGCG 540-38
NGC 1207	03 08 15.4	+38 22 56	Sb	13.5	12.7	2.3 × 1.6	cF, vS, R, psb in npp end	UGC 2548, MCG 6-7-43, CGCG 524-55, KCPG 87, IRAS 03050+3811
NGC 1212	03 09 42.3	+40 53 35	S0-a	15.5	14.6	1 × 0.5	eF, S, R, Algol nr	IC 1883, UGC 2560
NGC 1213	03 09 17.3	+38 38 57	Sd	15.0	14.4	1.8 × 1.4	eF, lE, * close n, diffic	IC 1881, UGC 2557, MCG 6-7-45, CGCG 524-58
NGC 1224	03 11 13.5	+41 21 48	E-S0	15.0	14.0	1 × 0.8	eF, vS, R	UGC 2578, MCG 7-7-34, CGCG 540-55
NGC 1227	03 11 07.8	+35 19 31	SB0-a	15.1	14.2	1 × 0.9	vF, vS	UGC 2577, CGCG 525-3, CGCG 524-62
NGC 1233	03 12 33.1	+39 19 09	Sb	14.0	13.2	1.8 × 0.6	F, vS, R, diff	NGC 1235, UGC 2586, MCG 6-8-3, IRAS 03093+3907, CGCG 525-6, CGCG 524-65
NGC 1250	03 15 21.0	+41 21 20	S0	14.0	12.9	2.1 × 0.6	vF, vS, R	UGC 2613, MCG 7-7-40, CGCG 540-66
NGC 1259	03 17 17.3	+41 23 08	S0	15.3	14.3	0.7 × 0.7	vF, S, R, vlbM	MCG 7-7-46
NGC 1260	03 17 27.2	+41 24 19	S0-a	14.2	13.3	1.1 × 0.5	vF, S, R	UGC 2634, MCG 7-7-47, CGCG 540-81, IRAS 03141+4113
NGC 1264	03 17 59.5	+41 31 13	SBab	14.9	14.1	1 × 0.5	vF, S, vlbM	UGC 2643, MCG 7-7-50
NGC 1265	03 18 08.4	+41 45 16	E5	14.4	13.4	1 × 0.5	vF, vS, mbM	IC 312, UGC 2644, MCG 7-7-51, CGCG 540-86
NGC 1267	03 18 44.8	+41 28 03	E2	14.1	13.1	1.1 × 0.9	F, vS, R, stell	UGC 2657, MCG 7-7-55, CGCG 540-92
NGC 1268	03 18 45.2	+41 29 21	Sb	14.2	13.4	0.9 × 0.6	eF, S, lE, com	UGC 2658, MCG 7-7-56, CGCG 540-93
NGC 1270	03 18 58.1	+41 28 13	E2	14.3	13.1	0.9 × 0.7	vF, S, R	UGC 2660, MCG 7-7-57, CGCG 540-95
NGC 1271	03 19 11.2	+41 21 13	SB0?	14.9	13.9	0.5 × 0.2	vF, vS	CGCG 540-96
NGC 1272	03 19 21.3	+41 29 26	E1	12.9	11.8	2.2 × 2	F, S, R	UGC 2662, MCG 7-7-58, CGCG 540-98
NGC 1273	03 19 26.8	+41 32 24	S0	14.3	13.2	0.8 × 0.7	vF, vS	MCG 7-7-59, CGCG 540-99
NGC 1274	03 19 40.6	+41 32 58	E3	15.1	14.1	0.8 × 0.3	vF, vS	MCG 7-7-62, CGCG 540-102
NGC 1275	03 19 48.1	+41 30 41	S0/P	12.6	11.9	2.3 × 1.6	F, S	UGC 2669, MCG 7-7-63, CGCG 540-103, 3C 84 , IRAS 03164+4119, Perseus A
NGC 1277	03 19 51.4	+41 34 27	S0-a	14.7	13.6	0.8 × 0.3	vF, vS, np II 603	MCG 7-7-64, CGCG 540-104
NGC 1278	03 19 54.1	+41 33 49	E2	13.6	12.4	1.4 × 1.1	pB, pS, R, bM	IC 1907, UGC 2670, MCG 7-7-65, CGCG 540-105
NGC 1279	03 19 59.1	+41 28 47	S	15.8	15.0	0.6 × 0.4	vF, vS	PGC 12449
NGC 1281	03 20 06.3	+41 37 47	E5	14.5	13.3	0.9 × 0.4	vF, S, * 11 p 1'	MCG 7-7-67, CGCG 540-108
NGC 1282	03 20 12.0	+41 22 01	E4	13.9	12.9	1.2 × 0.7	vF, S, lbMN	UGC 2675, MCG 7-7-68, CGCG 540-109
NGC 1283	03 20 15.5	+41 23 55	E1	14.7	13.6	0.7 × 0.6	vF, S, vlbM	UGC 2676, MCG 7-7-69, CGCG 540-110
NGC 1293	03 21 36.4	+41 23 36	E0	14.5	13.4	0.9 × 0.9	vF, R, bM, np of 2	MCG 7-7-75, CGCG 540-116, NPM1G +41.0114
NGC 1294	03 21 40.0	+41 21 38	E-S0	14.3	13.2	1.1 × 0.8	vF, R, bM, sf of 2	UGC 2694, MCG 7-7-76, CGCG 540-117, IRAS 03184+4111
NGC 1334	03 30 01.7	+41 49 57	Sbc	14.0	13.2	1.5 × 0.7	eF, pL, lbM	UGC 2759, MCG 7-8-18, CGCG 541-17, IRAS 03266+4139
NGC 1335	03 30 19.4	+41 34 24	E-S0	14.8	13.8	1.1 × 0.6	vF * in vF, eS neb	UGC 2762, MCG 7-8-19, CGCG 541-18
NGC 1465	03 53 31.9	+32 29 34	S0-a	14.6	13.7	1.7 × 0.5	pF, pS, R, pB * nr p	UGC 2891, MCG 5-10-3, CGCG 508-4
IC 256	02 49 40.3	+46 57 16	C	17.9	16.9	0.5 × 0.3	cF, lE, S, 1st of 3	5ZW 280, no. 2 of 3 comps
IC 257	02 49 45.2	+46 58 32	E-S0	13.8	12.6	1.4 × 0.8	eF, pS, R, v diffic, 2nd of 3	UGC 2298, MCG 8-6-11, CGCG 554-8
IC 258	02 49 45.9	+41 03 07	SB0-a	15.0	14.1	1 × 0.6	vF, vlbM, * 9.5 f 2'	UGC 2306, CGCG 539-107, KCPG 79B
IC 259	02 49 40.8	+41 03 20	E-S0	15.3	14.3	0.7 × 0.6	vF, double, dist 17"	CGCG 539-106, NPM1G +40.0060, KCPG 79A
IC 260	02 51 00.9	+46 57 18	E3	14.2	13.2	1 × 0.7	eeF, pS, 2 F st nr, 3rd of 3	UGC 2325, MCG 8-6-14, CGCG 554-11
IC 262	02 51 43.2	+42 49 42	SB0	14.2	13.2	1.6 × 1.4	eeF, pS, R, bet 2 st, v diffic	UGC 2335, MCG 7-6-80, CGCG 539-114
IC 265	02 54 43.9	+41 39 21	E0	15.6	14.6	0.7 × 0.7	eeF, eS, R	MCG 7-7-6, CGCG 540-9, CGCG 539-127, NPM1G +41.0090
IC 266	02 55 04.7	+42 15 50	S	15.6	14.8	0.7 × 0.4	eF, eS, R	MCG 7-7-10, CGCG 539-130, CGCG 540-12
IC 275 1	03 00 55.7	+44 21 01	C M	17.3	16.3	0.3 × 0.3	eeF, pS, R, bet 2 st	5ZW 309
IC 275 2	03 00 55.9	+44 20 46	C	17.5	16.5	0.2 × 0.2	eeF, pS, R, bet 2 st	5ZW 309
IC 275 3	03 00 58.6	+44 21 02	C	16.6	15.6	0.2 × 0.2	eeF, pS, R, bet 2 st	5ZW 309, NPM1G +44.0059
IC 278	03 01 30.4	+37 45 59	E0	14.2	13.2	1.1 × 1.1	vF, * 10 p 95", F * 12" sp	UGC 2481, MCG 6-7-32, CGCG 524-44
IC 284	03 06 09.9	+42 22 18	Sd	12.5	11.5	3.8 × 1.2	eeF, pL, lE, D * np, bet 2 st	UGC 2531, MCG 7-7-23, CGCG 540-37, IRAS 03029+4211
IC 288	03 07 32.8	+42 23 16	S?	15.1	14.2	1 × 0.3	vF, vS, R, 2 st nf, ? S Cl	UGC 2544, MCG 7-7-27, CGCG 540-43
IC 290	03 09 42.8	+40 58 30	Sb	15.6	14.8	1.1 × 0.2	eeF, S, R	IC 1884, UGC 2561, CGCG 540-47
IC 292	03 10 12.9	+40 45 57	Sd	14.2	13.5	1.2 × 0.7	eF, pS, R, * s, bet 2 st	IC 1887, UGC 2567, MCG 7-7-30, CGCG 540-49, IRAS 03069+4034
IC 293	03 10 56.1	+41 08 16	E-S0	15.3	14.3	0.6 × 0.4	eF, S, R	IC 1888, MCG 7-7-31, CGCG 540-53, NPM1G +40.0069
IC 294	03 11 03.1	+40 37 18	SB0-a	14.8	13.9	2.1 × 1.5	vF, pS, irr R	IC 295, IC 296, IC 1889, UGC 2574, MCG 7-7-33, CGCG 540-54
IC 295	03 11 03.1	+40 37 18	SB0-a	14.8	13.9	2.1 × 1.5	eF, pS, R	IC 294, IC 296, IC 1889, UGC 2574, MCG 7-7-33, CGCG 540-54
IC 300	03 14 15.8	+42 24 54	S0	16.0	15.0	0.3 × 0.3	eF, S, R, * 9 sp, np of 2
IC 301	03 14 47.7	+42 13 23	E0	14.2	13.2	0.8 × 0.8	eF, pS, R, sf of 2	UGC 2606, MCG 7-7-36, CGCG 540-63
IC 304	03 15 01.4	+37 52 55	Sb	14.6	13.8	1.1 × 0.7	vF, * 76" sf, np of 2	UGC 2609, MCG 6-8-5, CGCG 525-10, IRAS 03118+3741
IC 305	03 15 03.7	+37 51 38	E3	15.1	14.1	0.8 × 0.6	vF, * 49" nf	MCG 6-8-6, CGCG 525-12, NPM1G +37.0120
IC 308	03 16 15.9	+41 10 53	S0	15.4	14.2	1.2 × 1.2	eF, pS, iR, r ?	UGC 2619
IC 309	03 16 06.2	+40 48 17	S0	14.5	13.5	0.9 × 0.9	eeF, pS, R, bet 2 st	MCG 7-7-43, CGCG 540-72
IC 310	03 16 43.0	+41 19 29	S0	13.9	12.7	1.1 × 1.1	vF, pS, R, 1259 and 1260 near	UGC 2624, MCG 7-7-45, CGCG 540-75, IRAS 03135+4108
IC 311	03 16 46.8	+40 00 15	S?	15.0	14.1	0.9 × 0.6	eF, pS, iR, bet 2 st, vF * v close f	UGC 2625, CGCG 540-76
IC 313	03 20 57.9	+41 53 39	E1	15.1	14.1	0.9 × 0.8	eeF, vS, R, close D * nr s	UGC 2682, MCG 7-7-73, CGCG 540-111
IC 316 1	03 21 19.9	+41 55 43	S M	15.0	14.2	0.5 × 0.1	eeF, pS, R	MCG 7-7-74, CGCG 540-112
IC 316 2	03 21 19.9	+41 55 55	Sbc	15.0	14.2	1.4 × 0.7	eeF, pS, R	UGC 2688, CGCG 540-112, IRAS 03179+4145
IC 320	03 25 59.2	+40 47 21	SBab	14.5	13.7	1.2 × 1.1	eF, pS, R, vF * close p	UGC 2732, MCG 7-8-7, CGCG 541-6
IC 1874	03 06 21.9	+36 00 54	SB0-a	14.6	13.7	1 × 0.7	F, vS, vlbM, dif	MCG 6-7-39, CGCG 524-50, NPM1G +35.0087
IC 1900	03 15 55.2	+37 09 17	S0	15.0	14.0	0.5 × 0.4	F, S, pR, gbMN	MCG 6-8-7, CGCG 525-13, NPM1G +36.0098
IC 1901	03 16 02.5	+37 06 47	Sa	15.7	14.9	0.8 × 0.2	F, vS, R, gbMN	MCG 6-8-8, CGCG 525-14, NPM1G +36.0099
IC 1902	03 16 12.4	+37 10 41	S0-a	15.5	14.6	0.4 × 0.4	F, vS, R, sbM * 14	CGCG 525-15, NPM1G +36.0100
IC 1934	03 31 13.9	+42 47 34	S0	15.0	14.0	1.2 × 0.5	eF, pS, lbM, * 12 dist 34"	UGC 2769
IC 2005	03 57 39.5	+36 47 15	S	15.6	14.8	0.4 × 0.1	F, vS, R, stell	CGCG 526-15, "in" N 1499
IC 2027	04 06 39.6	+37 06 57	E0	15.1	14.1	0.4 × 0.4	F, vS, R, vlbM	UGC 2957, MCG 6-9-19

«Strasbourg-ESO Catalogue of Galactic Planetary Nebulae» Acker et al., 1992 ^[141]
PNG	RA	Dec	Main ID	PK	IRAS	Discoverer	Identities	oDiam ["]	rDiam ["]	Dist [kpc]	Rvel [km/s]	ExpVel [km/s]	C* Name	C* Mag	C* SP Type
PN G130.9-10.5	01 42 21	+51 34 07	NGC 650-51	130-10.1	01391+5119	CURTIS 1918	ARO 2, M 76, VV 6, VV'9	67.	100.	1.2	-19.1 ± 1.2	38.5 (O-III), 40. (N-II)	AG82 11
PN G133.1-08.6	01 58 49	+52 53 44	M 1- 2	133-08.1	01555+5239	MINKOWSKI 1946	VV 8, ARO 116, VV' 11	18. :			-12.1 ± 2.0	18.0 (O-III)	AG82 13, CSI +52-01555 0, LS V +52 1, V741 Per	B: 15.17, V: 13.44	O + G2 Ib
PN G141.7-07.8	02 52 13	+50 35 53	A 5	141-07.1		ABELL 1955	A55 4, ARO 206, VV' 14	127.				15. (N-II)	AG82 16	U: 20.6, B: 21.4, V: 21.4
PN G144.3-15.5	02 45 26	+42 32 36	A 4	144-15.1	02421+4222	ABELL 1964	ARO 205, VV' 13	20.					AG82 15	B: 19.9
PN G147.4-02.3	03 41 43	+52 17 01	M 1- 4	147-02.1	03379+5207	MINKOWSKI 1946	ARO 209, VV 11, VV' 17	4.	6.0	2.3 :	-33.0 ± 3.9	13.0 (O-III)	AG82 22	V: 16.7
PN G149.4-09.2	03 27 15	+45 24 20	HDW 3			HARTL et al 1983	HaWe 4	540.					AG82 20	U: 16.0, B: 16.9, V: 17.0
PN G149.7-03.3	03 49 06	+50 00 15	IsWe 1			ISHIDA et al 1987		780.			-1.5 ± 0.5	5. (O-III)		U: 15.71, B: 16.45, V: 16.56	O(C)
PN G151.4+00.5	04 13 27	+51 51 02	K 3-64			KOHOUTEK 1969		7.5
PN G153.7-01.4	04 15 55	+48 49 41	K 3-65		04122+4842	KOHOUTEK 1969		2.	5.
PN G156.9-13.3	03 45 27	+37 48 48	HaWe 5			HARTL et al 1987		34.						B: 17.1, V: 17.7
PN G159.0-15.1	03 47 33	+35 02 49	IC 351	159-15.1	03443+3453	BARNARD 1891	ARO 19, VV 12, VV' 18	7.	7.0		-9.1 ± 1.4	15.0 (O-III)	AG82 23	B: 15.9, V: 15.8	WR-Of
PN G160.5-00.5	04 46 43	+44 28 01	We 1- 2			WEINBERGER 1977		92.					AG82 36	U: 20.37, B: 21.33, V: 20.87
PN G161.2-14.8	03 56 22	+33 52 31	IC 2003	161-14.1	03531+3343	HUBBLE 1920	ARO 76, VV 15, VV' 21	8.6	9.		-15.5 ± 2.2	21.5 (O-III)	AG82 25	B: 14.7, V: 15.0	WC 7-8, WC early, O VI
PN G165.5-06.5	04 39 48	+36 45 43	K 3-67		04364+3639	KOHOUTEK 1969		0.	2.2		-77.0 ± 1.4	20.5 (O-III), 22.5 (N-II)	AG82 34	B: 18.5	O(C)
PN G167.4-09.1	04 36 37	+33 39 30	K 3-66		04333+3333	KOHOUTEK 1969		0.	2.1		-67.5 ± 1.7	16.5 (O-III), 30.5 (N-II)	AG82 32	B: 16.26, V: 15.36	Contin.

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150	IAU: The Constellations, 11. Oktober 2020; iau.org/public/themes/constellations
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277	«Historische Deep-Sky Kataloge» von Dr. Wolfgang Steinicke; klima-luft.de/steinicke (2021-02-17)